Impact of Education on Antenatal Care among Pregnant Women in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bareilly District Uttar Pradesh, India.

Background: Every year more than half a million women die and many millions more suffer disabilities from pregnancy and pregnancy related causes in developing countries. India accounts 20 percent of global maternal deaths, in spite of advancement of public health and medical technology. Many of the maternal deaths could be prevented with well-known intervention such as antenatal care and skilled attendant at birth. Objective: To determine the effect of education on antenatal care among pregnant women. Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among pregnant women who came to ante natal clinic of obstetrics department of Rohilkhand medical college, Bareilly during January-March 2014 by using pre-designed, pretested schedule. A total of 300 pregnant women were clinically examined. Written consent was taken. Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft Excel 2007 and SPSS Version 17. Result: In present study 69% women were literate and 88% their husbands were literate. The overall 83.7% antenatal care was found in which 66.3% were regular. 90.8% antenatal care found among literate women while 67.7% among illiterate. Regular antenatal care was more (76.3%) among literate women. Conclusion: Low level of awareness and poor interest about antenatal care was found among illiterate women. They were not conscious about regular antenatal care, tetanus toxoid immunization, iron folic acid supplementation and extra diet during pregnancy.

Outcome of caesarean section under spinal versus epidural for women with pre-eclampsia.

Background: Pre-eclampsia is a major cause of maternal and perinatal mortality worldwide. Women with pre-eclampsia have an increased rate of cesarean section consequent upon the high incidence of intrauterine growth restriction, fetal distress and prematurity. Objective: To compared the outcome of Cesarean section for pre-eclampsia using sub-arachnoid block and epidural anesthesia Methods: The present retrospective study was carried out in one of the tertiary care hospital of Bareilly district from Jan.2011 to July 2013. Unit of study were all the women with preeclampsia who underwent caesarean section for delivery under spinal or epidural anaesthesia and their babies. chi squire test and student t-test test were applied for statistical analysis. Results: There was no significant difference between two groups in overall maternal mortality (0.0% vs 2.4%, p>0.05), perinatal mortality (5% vs 7.1%, p>0.05), Apgar score less than 7 at 1 minute (25% vs 21%, p,0.05)and Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minute (5% vs 14.3%). Conclusion: no significant difference in the maternal and perinatal mortality outcome of cesarean delivery between women with preeclampsia who had epidural and those that had spinal anaesthesia.

A retrospective study of the outcome of cesarean section for women with pre-eclampsia under spinal versus epidural anaesthesia in hospital of Northern India.

Back ground: Pre-eclampsia is a major cause of maternal and perinatal mortality worldwide. Women with pre-eclampsia have an increased rate of cesarean section consequent upon the high incidence of intrauterine growth restriction, fetal distress and prematurity. Objective: To compared the outcome of Cesarean section for pre-eclampsia using sub-arachnoid block and epidural anesthesia Methods: The present retrospective study was carried out in one of the tertiary care hospital of Bareilly district from Jan.2011 to July 2013. Unit of study were all the women with preeclampsia who underwent caesarean section for delivery under spinal or epidural anaesthesia and their babies. chi squire test and student t-test test were applied for statistical analysis. Results: There was no significant difference between two groups in overall maternal mortality (0.0% vs 2.4%, p>0.05), perinatal mortality (5% vs 7.1%, p>0.05), Apgar score less than 7 at 1 minute (25% vs 21%, p,0.05)and Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minute (5% vs 14.3%). Conclusion: no significant difference in the maternal and perinatal mortality outcome of cesarean delivery between women with preeclampsia who had epidural and those that had spinal anaesthesia.

Clinico-microbiological profile of women with vaginal discharge in a tertiary care hospital of northern India .

Background: The complaint of vaginal discharge is very common, particularly in south East Asia. An accurate diagnosis is recommended, based on knowledge of the epidemiology of lower genital tract infections, consistent application of laboratory tests and, where needed, microbiological. Objective: To find out socio-demographic variables associated with the complaint of vaginal discharge, to study the microbiological profile of women presenting with complain of vaginal discharge and characteristic of discharge. Materials and Methods: The present cross sectional study was conducted in one of the tertiary care hospital of Bareilly district. The respondent were the female in reproductive age group (15- 49yrs) attending Obstetrics & Gynaecology OPD with history of vaginal discharge. Vaginal swabs were collected from women with history of discharge and sent to microbiology department in Amie’s medium. Analysis of Variance test was applied as a test of significance. Results: A total of 270 women with vaginal discharge were studied. Bacterial vaginosis was the commonest disorder seen (36.68%). Effect of age on Candida infection, literacy status on Candida, Bacterial vaginosis and Pseudomonas infection and marital status on Klebsiella infection was found to be statistically significant. Vaginal discharge was found to be excessive (87.8%), continuous (64.8%) and foul smelling (60.4%) in majority of women. Consistency of discharge was told to be Curdy (44.4%), Mucopurulent (22.2%) and thin (33.3%). Conclusion: There is need for creating community awareness about health care facilities and instills self concern in women for their own health needs.

Prevalence and determinants of anemia in pregnancy at private hospital of Bareilly District.

Back ground: Anemia in pregnancy continues to be the major public health problem in the world & is the commonest medical disorder in pregnancy that has a varied prevalence, etiology and degree of severity in different populations. Objective: To find out the prevalence of anemia amongst pregnant women and socio-demographic factors associated with anemia in pregnancy. Methods: The present cross sectional study was carried out in obstetric and gynae OPD of one of the private hospital of Bareilly district during the month of Jan.2010 to May2010. Chi square test was applied for statistical analysis. Results: prevalence of anemia was 43.38% Anemia was found to be more prevalent in women age more than 30 years (80.39%), illiterate (49.53%), working (83.82%) & those belonging to Muslim community. Multiparous women (45%), women with poor personal hygiene (48%) and non-vegetarian diet were slightly more anemic as compare to their contrary one. Conclusion: Despite the measures taken to control anemia in pregnancy in the last two decades, the severity of nutritional anemia continues to remain a public health issue of great magnitude, suggesting that these measures have been largely ineffective.

Perception of RTIs/STDs among women of reproductive age group in a District of Uttar Pradesh.

A cross sectional study was conducted during May-June 2010 among woman of reproductive age group (15-45 years) in the urban and the rural areas of Bareilly District to asses the level of awareness regarding RTIs/STDs. The two stage cluster sampling technique was adopted. A structured questionnaire was used to interview the study participants during the house to house surveys. Each woman of reproductive age of selected household was interviewed in private about her reproductive history, current knowledge, source of information and modes of transmission of RTIs/STDs. Statistical analysis was done with Epi Info computer software. Standard Normal Variate (SNV) Test for comparison of two groups’ proportion was done; z and p were calculated to know the significance of the proportions of two groups for comparison. Most of the women were aware of RTIs/STDs (80.32%) in urban areas whereas only 27.41% in rural areas were aware of these diseases. The television and radio was the main source of information in both rural (41.17% & 32.94%) and urban areas (TV-90.36%, Radio-48.19%).

Humor as a learning aid in medical education.

Attention span in a lecture is roughly 15 minutes. After this has been seen that no. of students paying attention begins to drop dramatically leading to loss in retention of lecture material. Objective of present study was to examine the effectiveness of humor when used as an intervention. The present Interventional, Randomized control trial study was carried out on medical students of fourth Semester, of RMCH, Bareilly, which has total ninety students. Class was divided into two groups, Group A and Group B by simple random sampling using lottery method, consisting of 45 students each. For both groups four lectures each were delivered on same topic, with a difference that in group A no intervention used while in group B humor was used as an intervention. Record of class attendance was maintained in both the groups and post lecture tests were conducted. Chi-Square test was applied for statistical analysis. In group B not only the attendance of students increased from class 1 to class 4 but was also more as compared to group A in each class and the difference was found to be statistically significant . Post lecture test scores showed that in group A there was no significant difference in marks obtained by students in class 1 and class 4, however in group B in which humor was used it was observed that in class 4 percentage of students getting marks above 50% increased as compared to class 1. We concluded that humor not only increases interest but also promotes learning.

Evaluation of primary immunization coverage in an urban area of Bareilly city using cluster sampling technique.

Infectious diseases are major cause of morbidity and mortality in children. One of the most cost effective and easy methods for the child survival is immunization. Objective of present study was to find out the various reasons for partial or non immunization of child and to assess the factors associated with immunization. The present cross sectional study was carried out in urban slums of Bareilly city from April 2010 to Aug. 2010 using 30 by 7 cluster sampling technique. A total of seven children aged 12-23 months were interviewed from each cluster on pre tested, predesigned schedule, thus giving us the sample size of 210.Chi square test was applied for statistical analysis. Two third children (61.9%) were found to be fully immunized. Immunization coverage was high for BCG (92.86%) and lowest for measles (62.38%). Most common reason (50%) for partial and non immunization of children was found to be ignorance on the part of parents. Religion, education of both mother and father was found to be significantly associated with immunization status. The need of the hour is to make routine immunization a “felt need” of the community. Increasing the knowledge and understanding of the caretakers of the young children about the essentiality and benefits of routine immunization would be a strong step forward in achieving the goals.

Awareness, perception and myths towards swine flu in school children of Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh.

The deadly disease swine flu is, without a speck of doubt, causing a massive havoc among the common people of India and has created fear across the various strata of the society. The objective was to find out the awareness, perception, and myths of school going children of class 9 th to 12 th toward swine flu. The present cross-sectional study was carried out in two randomly selected (using random number table) senior secondary schools of Bareilly among 400 students of class 9 th to 12 th . A total of 200 students were selected from each school. Chi-square test was applied for statistical analysis. Almost all the students (97.75%) have heard about of swine flu and are aware of it as a disease entity. Fever was found to be the main symptom while coughing and sneezing were main way of spread of swine flu known to them. About 97% of the students mention use of mask as most effective way to prevent them from swine flu. Knowledge of availability of medicine was present in less than half of the students. TV was found to be the main source from which they get knowledge (79%), and they are trying to get knowledge (53.2%) of swine flu. Among them, 74% students were taking precaution against swine flu.